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Oxford, Mississippi

Coordinates: 34°22′0″N 89°31′7″W / 34.36667°N 89.51861°W / 34.36667; -89.51861
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Oxford, Mississippi
City
From top, left to right: Swayze Field, Square Books, Oxford's downtown Square, The Grove at Ole Miss, The Lyceum at the University of Mississippi, Rowan Oak, Vaught–Hemingway Stadium, The Sandy and John Black Pavilion at Ole Miss
From top, left to right: Swayze Field, Square Books, Oxford's downtown Square, The Grove at Ole Miss, The Lyceum at the University of Mississippi, Rowan Oak, Vaught–Hemingway Stadium, The Sandy and John Black Pavilion at Ole Miss
Flag of Oxford, Mississippi
Flag
Official logo of Oxford, Mississippi
Logo
Location of Oxford, Mississippi
Location of Oxford, Mississippi
Oxford, Mississippi is located in the United States
Oxford, Mississippi
Oxford, Mississippi
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 34°22′0″N 89°31′7″W / 34.36667°N 89.51861°W / 34.36667; -89.51861
CountryUnited States
StateMississippi
CountyLafayette
Named forOxford, England
Government
 • MayorRobyn Tannehill[1]
Area
[2]
 • Total26.71 sq mi (69.18 km2)
 • Land26.62 sq mi (68.94 km2)
 • Water0.09 sq mi (0.24 km2)
Elevation
505 ft (154 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total25,416
 • Density954.88/sq mi (368.68/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Code
38655
Area code662
FIPS code28-54840
GNIS feature ID0691644
Websiteoxfordms.net
A double-decker tourist bus and the former Mississippi state flag contrast beside the Lafayette County Courthouse in Oxford, during the 2007 Double Decker Festival.

Oxford is the 14th most populous city in Mississippi, United States, and the county seat of Lafayette County, 75 miles (121 km) southeast of Memphis. A college town, Oxford surrounds the University of Mississippi or "Ole Miss". Founded in 1837, the city is named for Oxford, England.

Purchasing the land from a Chickasaw, pioneers founded Oxford in 1837. In 1841, the Mississippi State Legislature selected it as the site of the state's first university, Ole Miss. Oxford is also the hometown of Nobel Prize-winning novelist William Faulkner, and served as the inspiration for his fictional Jefferson in Yoknapatawpha County. Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar, who served as a US Supreme Court Justice and Secretary of the Interior, also lived and is buried in Oxford.

At the 2020 US Census, the population was 25,416.[3]

History

[edit]
Wal-Mart opening a location in Oxford in 1984

19th century

[edit]

Oxford and Lafayette County were formed from lands ceded by the Chickasaw people in the Treaty of Pontotoc Creek in 1832. The county was organized in 1836, and in 1837 three pioneers—John Martin, John Chisom, and John Craig—purchased land from Hoka, a female Chickasaw landowner, as a site for the town.[4] They named it "Oxford", intending to promote it as a center of learning in the Old Southwest.[5] In 1841, the Mississippi legislature selected Oxford as the site of the state university, which opened in 1848.

During the American Civil War, Oxford was occupied by Union Army troops under Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1862; in 1864 Major General Andrew Jackson Smith burned the buildings in the town square, including the county courthouse. In the postwar Reconstruction era, the town recovered slowly, aided by federal judge Robert Andrews Hill, who secured funds to build a new courthouse in 1872.

During this period many African American freedmen moved from farms into town and established a neighborhood known as "Freedmen Town", where they built houses, businesses, churches and schools, and exercised all the rights of U.S. citizenship.[6] Even after Mississippi disenfranchised most African Americans in the 1890 Constitution of Mississippi, they continued to build their lives in the face of discrimination.

20th century

[edit]

During the Civil Rights Movement, Oxford drew national attention in the Ole Miss riot of 1962. State officials, including Governor Ross Barnett, prevented James Meredith, an African American, from enrolling at the University of Mississippi, even after the federal courts had ruled that he be admitted. Following secret face-saving negotiations with Barnett, President John F. Kennedy ordered 127 U.S. Marshals, 316 deputized U.S. Border Patrol agents and 97 federalized Federal Bureau of Prisons officers to accompany Meredith.[7] Thousands of armed "volunteers" flowed into the Oxford area. Meredith traveled to Oxford under armed guard to register, but riots by segregationists broke out in protest of his admittance.

That night, cars were burned, federal law enforcement were pelted with rocks, bricks and small arms fire, and university property was damaged by 3,000 rioters. Two civilians were killed by gunshot wounds, and the riot spread into adjacent areas of the city of Oxford.[8] Order was finally restored to the campus with the early morning arrival of 3,000 nationalized Mississippi National Guard and federal troops, who camped in the city.[9]

21st century

[edit]

More than 3,000 journalists came to Oxford on September 26, 2008, to cover the first presidential debate of 2008, which was held at the University of Mississippi.[10]

Geography

[edit]

Oxford is in central Lafayette County in northern Mississippi, about 75 miles (121 km) south-southeast of Memphis, Tennessee.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 26.7 square miles (69.2 km2), of which 26.6 square miles (68.9 km2) are land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2), or 0.35%, is water.[11] The campus of the University of Mississippi, west of downtown, is an unincorporated area surrounded by the city.

The city is located in the North Central Hills region of Mississippi. The region is known for its heavily forested hills made up of red clay. The area is higher and greater in relief than areas to the west (such as the Mississippi Delta or loess bluffs along the Delta), but lower in elevation than areas in northeast Mississippi. The changes in elevation can be noticed when traveling on the Highway 6 bypass, since the east-west highway tends to transect many of the north-south ridges. Downtown Oxford sits on one of these ridges and the University of Mississippi sits on another one, while the main commercial corridors on either side of the city sit in valleys.

Oxford is located at the confluence of highways from eight directions: Mississippi Highway 6 (now co-signed with US-278) runs west 25 miles (40 km) to Batesville and east 31 miles (50 km) to Pontotoc; Highway 7 runs north 30 miles (48 km) to Holly Springs and south 18 miles (29 km) to Water Valley. Highway 30 goes northeast 33 miles (53 km) to New Albany; Highway 334 ("Old Highway 6") leads southeast 19 miles (31 km) to Toccopola; Taylor Road leads southwest 9 miles (14 km) to Taylor; and Highway 314 ("Old Sardis Road") leads northwest, formerly to Sardis but now 11 miles (18 km) to the Clear Creek Recreation Area on Sardis Lake.

The streets in the downtown area follow a grid pattern with two naming conventions. Many of the north-south streets are numbered from west to east, beginning at the old railroad depot, with numbers from four to nineteen. The place of "Twelfth Street", however, is taken by North and South Lamar Boulevard (formerly North Street and South Street). The east-west avenues are named for the U.S. presidents in chronological order from north to south, from Washington to Cleveland; here again, there are gaps: there is no street for John Quincy Adams, who shares a last name with John Adams; "Polk Avenue" is replaced by University Avenue; and "Arthur Avenue" is lacking.

Climate

[edit]

Oxford has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and is in hardiness zone 7b.

Climate data for Oxford, Mississippi (University of Mississippi) 1991–2020, extremes 1893–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 80
(27) 		83
(28) 		91
(33) 		93
(34) 		98
(37) 		104
(40) 		108
(42) 		107
(42) 		111
(44) 		98
(37) 		87
(31) 		81
(27) 		110
(43)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 52.3
(11.3) 		57.1
(13.9) 		65.8
(18.8) 		74.2
(23.4) 		82.0
(27.8) 		88.6
(31.4) 		91.3
(32.9) 		91.0
(32.8) 		86.2
(30.1) 		76.1
(24.5) 		64.3
(17.9) 		55.0
(12.8) 		73.7
(23.2)
Daily mean °F (°C) 41.4
(5.2) 		45.4
(7.4) 		53.5
(11.9) 		61.6
(16.4) 		70.4
(21.3) 		77.7
(25.4) 		80.7
(27.1) 		79.8
(26.6) 		73.9
(23.3) 		62.6
(17.0) 		51.9
(11.1) 		44.2
(6.8) 		61.9
(16.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 30.6
(−0.8) 		33.8
(1.0) 		41.2
(5.1) 		48.9
(9.4) 		58.9
(14.9) 		66.8
(19.3) 		70.2
(21.2) 		68.6
(20.3) 		61.6
(16.4) 		49.2
(9.6) 		39.5
(4.2) 		33.3
(0.7) 		50.2
(10.1)
Record low °F (°C) −13
(−25) 		−10
(−23) 		7
(−14) 		21
(−6) 		31
(−1) 		43
(6) 		50
(10) 		48
(9) 		32
(0) 		20
(−7) 		6
(−14) 		−10
(−23) 		−13
(−25)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.13
(130) 		5.82
(148) 		5.61
(142) 		6.30
(160) 		5.35
(136) 		5.22
(133) 		4.35
(110) 		3.90
(99) 		3.99
(101) 		4.10
(104) 		4.30
(109) 		6.45
(164) 		60.52
(1,537)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.8
(2.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		1.2
(3.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 12.0 10.8 11.7 10.3 11.0 10.2 10.0 8.8 7.4 7.9 9.8 12.2 122.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.4
Source: NOAA[12][13]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1850492—
18701,422—
18801,5347.9%
18901,5460.8%
19001,82017.7%
19102,01410.7%
19202,1506.8%
19302,89034.4%
19403,43318.8%
19503,95615.2%
19605,28333.5%
19708,51961.3%
19809,88216.0%
19909,9841.0%
200011,75617.7%
201018,91660.9%
202025,41634.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[14]

2020 census

[edit]
Oxford racial composition[15]
Race Num. Perc.
White 16,559 65.15%
Black or African American 5,656 22.25%
Native American 12 0.05%
Asian 1,279 5.03%
Pacific Islander 7 0.03%
Other/mixed 861 3.39%
Hispanic or Latino 1,042 4.1%

As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 25,416 people, 10,351 households, and 5,089 families residing in the city.

2010 census

[edit]

As of the census[16] of 2010, there were 18,916 people, with 8,648 households residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 72.3% White, 21.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.5% of the population. The average household size was 2.09.

The median income for a household in the city was $38,872, and the average household income was $64,643. The per capita income for the city was $29,195.[17] About 12% of families and 32.3% of the population were below the poverty line.

Arts and culture

[edit]
Oxford phone booth by City Hall

Attractions

[edit]
Rowan Oak, the home of William Faulkner
Square Books
Lafayette County Court House

In addition to the historic Lafayette County Courthouse, the Square is known for an abundance of locally owned restaurants, specialty boutiques, and professional offices, along with Oxford City Hall.

  • The J. E. Neilson Co., located on the southeast corner of the Square, is the South's oldest documented store. Founded as a trading post in 1839, Neilson's continues to anchor the Oxford square. Neilsons (pronounced Nelsons) was one of the few stores to survive the burning of Oxford during the Civil war. It stands within eyesight of one of Oxford's two confederate statues (one was erected after the original faced south because the South "never retreats;" a Falkner (William added a "U") paid for the second). Neilson's also features a letter from William Faulkner, who repeatedly refused to pay debts owed to the department store. When the Great Depression hit Oxford and most of the banks in town closed, Neilson's acted as a surrogate bank, cashing paychecks for university employees and others. Neilson's is also the only store in Oxford to carry supplies for Boy Scout uniforms.
  • Square Books, founded in 1979, is an independent bookstore.[18] A sister store, Off Square Books, is several doors down the street to the east. It deals in used and remainder books and is the venue for a radio show called Thacker Mountain Radio, with host Jim Dees, that is broadcast statewide on Mississippi Public Broadcasting. The show often draws comparisons to Garrison Keillor's A Prairie Home Companion for its mix of author readings and musical guests. A third store, Square Books Jr., deals exclusively in children's books and educational toys.
  • The Lyric Theater, just off the courthouse square, is Oxford's largest music venue, with a capacity near 1200. Originally built in the late 1800s, the structure became a livery stable owned by William Faulkner's family in the early part of the 20th century. During the 1920s it became Oxford's first motion picture theater, the Lyric. In 1949, Faulkner walked from his home in Oxford to his childhood stable for the world premiere of MGM's Intruder in the Dust, adapted from one of his novels. The building housed office space and a health center from the early 1980s. After extensive restoration, the Lyric reopened on July 3, 2008, as a live music venue. It also is used occasionally for film and live drama.
  • The Gertrude Castellow Ford Center for the Performing Arts on the University of Mississippi's campus hosts a broad range of events, such as symphony performances, operas, musicals, plays, comedy tours, chamber music, and guest lectures. The Ford Center, as it is commonly known, also hosted the 2008 presidential debate between former President Barack Obama and Senator John McCain.
  • The University of Mississippi Museum is located on the University of Mississippi's main campus. The Robinson collection of Greek and Roman antiquities and the Millington-Barnard collection of 19th century scientific instruments are permanent collections of the museum. The museum is also home to the personal collections of Kate Skipwith and Mary Buie. The permanent exhibits are free to the public.[19]
  • The Burns-Belfry Museum was previously the Burns Methodist Episcopal Church organized by freed African Americans in 1910. Now, the museum pays tribute to its role in the Civil War era. The museum houses a permanent exhibit on African American history that spans from slavery through the Civil Rights Movement.[20]

Culture

[edit]

Historic sites

[edit]
Ammadelle (1859) was designed by Central Park co-designer Calvert Vaux.

See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Lafayette County, Mississippi[22] and the Lyceum-The Circle Historic District, University of Mississippi.

Education

[edit]
The Lyceum at the University of Mississippi

The city is served by two public school districts, Oxford School District (with the majority of the area) and Lafayette County School District (with small outerlying sections).[23] The former operates Oxford High School.

It is also served by three private schools: Oxford University School, Regents School of Oxford[24] and Magnolia Montessori. Oxford is partially the home of the main campus of the University of Mississippi, known as "Ole Miss" (much of the campus is in University, Mississippi, an unincorporated enclave surrounded by the city),[25] and of the Lafayette-Yalobusha Center of Northwest Mississippi Community College. The North Mississippi Japanese Supplementary School, a Japanese weekend school, is operated in conjunction with the University of Mississippi, with classes held on campus.[26][27]

Media

[edit]
  • The Oxford Eagle, founded 1865[28]
  • The Daily Mississippian, the student newspaper of the University of Mississippi, founded 1911
  • The Local Voice, a bimonthly entertainment guide and newspaper[29]
  • WUMS, the student radio station of the University of Mississippi

Infrastructure

[edit]

Health care

[edit]

The Baptist Memorial Hospital - North Mississippi, located in Oxford provides comprehensive health care services for Oxford and the surrounding area, supported by a growing number of physicians, clinics and support facilities. The North Mississippi Regional Center, a state-licensed Intermediate Care Facility for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (ICF/IID), is located in Oxford.

Oxford is home to the National Center for Natural Products Research at the University of Mississippi's School of Pharmacy. The Center is the only facility in the United States that is federally licensed to cultivate marijuana for scientific research, and to distribute it to medical marijuana patients.

Transportation

[edit]

The city operates public transportation under the name Oxford-University Transit (OUT), with bus routes throughout the city and University of Mississippi campus.[30] Ole Miss students and faculty ride free upon showing University identification.

Mississippi Central Railroad provides freight rail service to the Lafayette County Industrial Park in Oxford.

University-Oxford Airport is a public use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) northwest of the central business district of Oxford. The airport is owned by the University of Mississippi.

Notable people

[edit]
See also: List of people from Oxford, Mississippi
Oxford native William Faulkner in 1954

Sister city

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Area Elected Officials". oxfordms.net. March 3, 2016. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2023.
  2. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  3. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Oxford city, Mississippi". www.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
  4. ^ Jack Lamar Mayfield. Oxford and Ole Miss. Arcadia Publishing, 2009, p. 7.
  5. ^ "History". www.oxfordms.net. Archived from the original on September 3, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
  6. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 5, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ "U.S. Marshals Mark 50th Anniversary of the Integration of 'Ole Miss'". Archived from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  8. ^ Doyle, William. An American Insurrection: James Meredith and the Battle of Oxford, Mississippi, 1962. New York: Anchor Books, 2003.
  9. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ^ "2008 Presidential Debate | The University of Mississippi - Official Home Page". Debate.olemiss.edu. September 26, 2008. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  11. ^ "U.S. Gazetteer Files: 2019: Places: Mississippi". U.S. Census Bureau Geography Division. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
  12. ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  13. ^ "Station: University, MS". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  14. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  15. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Archived from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2021.
  16. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  17. ^ Oxford, MS Household Income Statistics. CLRSearch. Retrieved on August 17, 2013. [dead link‍]
  18. ^ "Interview with a bookstore: Square Books, in William Faulkner's hometown". The Guardian. October 17, 2016. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  19. ^ "University Museum —". Museum.olemiss.edu. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  20. ^ "Untitled Document". Burns-belfry.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  21. ^ Didion, Joan (November 10, 2009). The white album (Paperback [reissue]ition ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374532079.
  22. ^ Thomas S. Hines (1997). William Faulkner and the Tangible Past : The Architecture of Yoknapatawpha. University of California Press. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
  23. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Lafayette County, MS" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022. - Text list Archived July 24, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ "Regents School of Oxford". Regents School of Oxford. Archived from the original on April 19, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  25. ^ "2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: University CDP, MS" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022. Univ of Mississippi (blue text)
    "2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Oxford city, MS" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 1 (PDF p. 2/5). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022. Univ of Mississippi
  26. ^ "Japanese Supplementary School Archived February 17, 2022, at the Wayback Machine." OGE-US Japan Partnership, University of Mississippi. Retrieved on February 25, 2015.
  27. ^ "周辺案内 Archived February 17, 2022, at the Wayback Machine." North Mississippi Japanese Supplementary School at The University of Mississippi. Retrieved on April 1, 2015.
  28. ^ "The Oxford Eagle". The Oxford Eagle. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
  29. ^ "The Local Voice | The Local Voice is Oxford, Mississippi's only locally-owned newspaper, featuring local food and drink specials, entertainment, sports, and local culture. The Local Voice covers Oxford, Ole Miss, and North Mississippi". www.thelocalvoice.net. Archived from the original on July 12, 2006. Retrieved July 2, 2006.
  30. ^ "Oxford-University Transit". Oxfordms.net. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  31. ^ Schnugg, Alyssa. "Sister Cities". Oxford Eagle. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
[edit]
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